No, it’s not possible as there’s currently no (easy) way of reading pixel data of layers / documents.
One trick I used in Icon Board was to convert the path data to SVGs which could then be rendered in the panel. This allowed me to have synchronized imagery between Photoshop and the panel, but such an approach does only work with shape layers of course.
When you save a PSD with the option “maximum compatibility” it does include a thumbnail somewhere in the file data, for other software to show a file preview (I think?).
Maybe… theoretically… one could extract that data and built an image from that, but honestly, I wouldn’t really know where to start.